Arbequina olive tree pdf

Olive is a rapidly growing plant, and while growth increases are possible with supplemental nitrogen N fertilization, too much N will cause excessive vegetative shoot growth at the expense of reproductive growth fruiting.

Although nutrient deficiencies are uncommon, excessive N will negatively affect fruiting and oil quality. It is anticipated that management problems in Florida likely will involve excessive water and fertilization. Olives are thought to be a relatively pest- and disease-free tree in much of the world, with the exception of a few invasive species that have become pests of olives in the last few years.

Home gardeners will have few complaints about pests unless they cause an aesthetic injury like leaf discoloration or leaf damage.

In Florida, many landscape trees are susceptible to scale insects, which secrete honeydew that leads to the growth of sooty mold. As the name implies, sooty mold is a black soot-like mold, which feeds on the honeydew accumulating on leaves, stems, and nearby surfaces.

Leaf injury also can be caused by feeding damage by caterpillars or grasshoppers. Tree spacing for home cultivation will be different than in commercial groves.

Tree size should be considered during variety selection so as not to interfere with permanent structures on the property. If planted on highly fertile soils, canopies up to 30 ft may be achieved. Olives can also be maintained with appropriate pruning as hedges in various configurations with 8—10 ft between plants in a row. Common commercial spacing ranges from 8—20 ft in row x 16—25 ft between rows , with an average hedgerow spacing of about 10 ft x 20 ft.

Olive leaves are relatively small and have a protective cuticle which slows water loss, allowing olives to survive extended dry periods. An overabundance of moisture may cause the flowers to drop and reduce fruit yield, and while irrigation can be managed easily, rainfall may influence this aspect of olive production.

The relative hardiness of selected olive cultivars is shown in Table 1. Because flowering occurs on new growth emerging from the growth of the previous season, pruning can be tricky. Pruning is important in regulating flowering and may be used to shape the tree to assist with fruit harvest and will also improve air movement to reduce fungal disease.

Olive trees will respond to radical pruning to control either height or plant form, but the impacts on flowering and fruiting should be considered. The olive never bears fruit twice in the same place on a stem, so new growth each year is essential to flower and fruit production the following year. Olive generally is described as an alternate-year-bearing species, and thus fruiting is typically heavy every other year. In off years, pruning during flowering to remove non-flowering branches can increase fruit yield for home gardeners.

The fruit of olive is known as a drupe, a fleshy fruit with a stony seed in the center. Many olive cultivars are grown from cuttings or are grafted and will reach bearing age in about four years. Olive fruit generally are green and become blackish-purple when fully ripe, although some cultivars may remain green when ripe or turn a shade of copper-brown see Figure 2.

Fruit shape and size also vary considerably, with selections that are predictably round to oval or even elongated with a pointed end. Fruit size, oil content, and flavor characteristics vary considerably and may be predicted by cultivar. Fruit size may be increased somewhat by reducing the number of fruit per branch or thinning the crop.

Thinning to two or three fruit per foot of twig is done soon after fruit set. Olives typically are not eaten raw from the tree and are considered unpalatable as they contain an alkaloid that makes them bitter. Home processing recommendations from the University of California, Davis Extension Service are recommended for home processing of fruit.

Most olive varieties are somewhat self-incompatible and several have recently been shown to be self-sterile. Flowers are produced on small inflorescences that emerge in the axil of the leaf from portions of the stem that grew the previous season Figure 4. The flowers typically open in April or May in Florida, but have been reported as early as February 20th. The individual inflorescence, known as a panicle, is highly branched, with 10 to 40 flowers on an individual inflorescence.

Olive flowers are fertilized by wind-blown pollen. Several varieties of olive are self-fertile and may fertilize their own flowers with their wind-blown pollen.

However, research has shown that some trees that may be self-fertile in the regions where they were selected and developed may become self-infertile when grown in another region of the world. These differences in reproductive compatibility can be influenced by both fall and spring weather conditions. Initiation of flowering time is driven by winter chilling for removing dormancy, and the duration of flowering is influenced by conditions during spring warming.

Higher spring temperatures and rainfall during flowering have been shown to decrease the number of days of flowering. Pests, such as thrips, and diseases such, as anthracnose, can also impact flowers and fruit set.

Olive flowers have four green sepals, four white petals, two stamens, and a pistil containing a single carpel which will eventually become an olive if the flower is successfully pollinated. Floral development in the olive can be quite complex. Although they introduced from Spain about 60 years ago, has been propagated are highly regarded oils, it seems that production and quality traits vegetatively since it became well adapted to the environmental tend to suffer important variations, mainly due to climate.

In the present study we report the use of AFLP markers for the The variability of olive tree germplasm has been traditionally assessment of 38 accessions of Olea europaea L. Arbequina described using morphological and agronomical markers. E-mail: dmaestri efn. The objectives of the work Cruz del Eje is located in the dry Chaco Forest phytogeographical were a to investigate genetic intra-cultivar diversity and b to area at m above sea level.

The climate in this area represents a evaluate the oil chemical composition and compare it with that of typical arid Chaco climate, with rains falling mostly in the summer Arbequina oil produced in other regions. It belongs Plant material and collection sites to the Mountain Forest phytogeographical area. Average monthly Young and healthy leaves from 30 accessions of O. Each accession represents a dis- The leaves were ground in a mortar to a powder in liquid tinct, uniquely identified plant.

Preliminary accession identification nitrogen and sterile sand and pestled. The powdered material was done by means of pomological characteristics. The DNA Table 1. The supernatant was recovered and resuspended in absolute Crushing metal hammer crusher ethanol. The selective Figure 1. Flow diagram for olive oil extraction by classical press system.

Over the next nine cycles the annealing temperature saponification 0. The last 20 cycles had a denaturation matter was extracted with n-hexane. Separations 7 min. Peaks were identified by comparison of their retention the gel was scanned in a Genomyx SC device Beckman ; the times with those of authentic reference compounds. They program Adobe Photoshop Version 6.

To accessions during three successive crop years. Healthy olives were a suitable dilution of the extracts, Folin—Ciocalteu reagent Fluka, picked by hand from the selected trees at weekly intervals from Buchs, Switzerland was added and the absorbance values of the the beginning to the end of the harvest season.

An aliquot of solutions at nm total phenols were measured. The liquid obtained aqueous and oily was separated and Dieffenbacher. All oil samples were filtered through in 25 mL volumetric flasks. The mo- Table 2. UV detection at nm was performed. Average The dry material was extracted with n-hexane using a Soxhlet apparatus for 12 h, the solvent was evaporated and the oil content was determined according to AOCS method Am-2— The polymorphism percentage All chemicals and solvents used were of analytical grade showed a large variability among primer combinations Table 2.

The Kyoto, Japan. The differences may be partly explained by the effect of Parameter Argentina a Spain Argentina temperature on plant lipid metabolism during fruit development. On the other hand, Angerosa et al. But we do have just a few more of tips to make your Arbequina amazingly successful:.

If you're growing your Arbequina outdoors, ensure you remove any nearby weeds for best results. No harsh sprays needed, however - simply taking up weeds by hand is fine. Like we said, the Arbequina doesn't have any serious pest or disease issues, so the only ailment patio or outdoor growers need to watch for is scale. If you do encounter scale, it's easy to treat with a natural insecticidal soap or BioNeem.

Now, the best part: Home-grown olives! Taking its name from the village Arbeca, located in Catalonia, the Arbequina produces delicious table olives and olive oil. In fact, it boasts one of the highest concentration of oil in its olives, making it particularly suited for your own from-scratch blend of olive oil. And a s Arbequinas are typically small with weeping branches, its olives are simple to pick by hand. You'll know when your Arbequinas are ready by their color. D uring the ripening process, they transition from a light green to soft pink before finally changing to a brownish-purple shade.

Once they're picked, they're ready for the curing process - this is what makes your olives tasty! You can brine cure or water cure, but this process is important to ensure your olives aren't bitter. After you've harvested and cured your olives, it's time for snacking, dressing up salads, making tapenades and more. You may need special equipment for making your olive oil, but the process itself is straight-forward Oil derived from the Arbequina Olive Tree varies in color from green to a golden yellow, depending on when you harvest your olives.

Either way, you get second-to-none taste. If you're searching for looks and home-grown edibles, look no further - the Arbequina has it all.

See what all the hype's about and get your own today! She's enjoyed digging into plant care and maintenance and growing her plant collection, especially with exotic indoor varieties.